<hdr>The World Factbook 1994: Bhutan<nl>Economy</hdr><body>
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<item><hi format=bold>Overview:</hi> The economy, one of the world's least developed, is based on agriculture and forestry, which provide the main livelihood for 90% of the population and account for about 50% of GDP. Rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. The economy is closely aligned with that of India through strong trade and monetary links. The industrial sector is small and technologically backward, with most production of the cottage industry type. Most development projects, such as road construction, rely on Indian migrant labor. Bhutan's hydropower potential and its attraction for tourists are its most important natural resources; however, the government limits the number of tourists to 4,000 per year to minimize foreign influence. Much of the impetus for growth has come from large public-sector companies. Nevertheless, in recent years, Bhutan has shifted toward decentralized development planning and greater private initiative. The government privatized several large public-sector firms, is revamping its trade regime and liberalizing administerial procedures over industrial licensing. The government's industrial contribution to GDP decreased from 13% in 1988 to about 10% in 1992.
<item><hi format=bold>National product:</hi> GDP—purchasing power equivalent—$500 million (1993 est.)
<item><hi format=bold>National product real growth rate:</hi> 5% (FY93 est.)
<item><hi format=bold>National product per capita:</hi> $700 (1993 est.)
<item><hi format=bold>Agriculture:</hi> accounts for 45% of GDP; based on subsistence farming and animal husbandry; self-sufficient in food except for foodgrains; other production—rice, corn, root crops, citrus fruit, dairy products, eggs
<item><hi format=bold>Economic aid:</hi>
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<item>• <hi format=ital>recipient:</hi> Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $115 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $11 million
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<item><hi format=bold>Currency:</hi> 1 ngultrum (Nu)=100 chetrum; note—Indian currency is also legal tender
<item><hi format=bold>Exchange rates:</hi> ngultrum (Nu) per US$1—31.370 (January 1994), 30.493 (1993), 25.918 (1992), 22.742 (1991), 17.504 (1990), 16.226 (1989); note—the Bhutanese ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee
<item><hi format=bold>Fiscal year:</hi> 1 July–30 June